Understanding Vaginitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Vaginitis is a common condition that affects the vagina, causing inflammation, discomfort, and sometimes an abnormal discharge. It is a term that broadly refers to any condition that irritates or inflames the vaginal tissue. While it is common and treatable, understanding its causes, symptoms, and prevention is essential for maintaining reproductive health.

What Is Vaginitis?

Vaginitis occurs when the vaginal environment becomes imbalanced. The vagina naturally contains a balance of bacteria and yeast, which help maintain its health and well-being. When this balance is disrupted, it can lead to irritation, infection, and inflammation. Vaginitis can affect women of all ages, from puberty to post-menopause.

The most common types of vaginitis are:

• Bacterial Vaginosis: The most common type, caused by an imbalance of vaginal bacteria, leading to a fishy-odour discharge.
• Yeast Infections: Overgrowth of Candida, a fungus, causing burning, itching, and changes in vaginal discharge.
• Trichomoniasis: A sexually transmitted infection caused by the single-celled parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, leading to vaginal itching and a foul-smelling discharge.
• Non-Infectious Vaginitis: Irritation caused by chemicals or physical factors, such as vaginal sprays, scented soaps, douches, or spermicides.
• Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause (Atrophic Vaginitis): Thinning of vaginal tissues due to low oestrogen, causing dryness and discomfort.

Vaginitis is one of the most common vaginal problems. For example, bacterial vaginosis is frequently seen in gynaecological outpatient settings, with its prevalence among adults in India ranging from 17.8% to 63.7%.

Symptoms of Vaginitis

The symptoms of vaginitis can vary depending on the underlying cause, and some women may experience no symptoms at all. Common signs include:

• Vaginal itching or irritation
• Burning sensation during urination
• Unusual vaginal discharge, which may be thick, thin, watery, or have a strong odour
• Redness or swelling of the vaginal tissues
• Pain during sexual intercourse

It is crucial to consult a doctor if symptoms persist, as timely diagnosis can help prevent complications.

Causes of Vaginitis

The causes of vaginitis vary, depending on the kind of vaginitis you have. Common factors include:

• Changes in Vaginal Microorganisms:

Yeast infections and bacterial vaginosis occur when the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted. Antibiotics can also upset this balance, sometimes triggering a yeast infection.

• Hormonal Changes:

Reduced oestrogen levels during menopause, pregnancy, or postpartum periods can thin the vaginal lining, increasing susceptibility to irritation.

• Irritants:

Soaps, douches, perfumes, or synthetic fabrics may contain harsh chemicals that disrupt the natural vaginal environment and trigger inflammation.

• Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):

Parasites, bacteria, or viruses can spread through sexual contact and cause vaginitis. Infections may result from vaginal, anal, or oral sex, often leading to frothy, yellow-green discharge and discomfort.

Treatment for Vaginitis

The treatment depends on the underlying cause. Common approaches include:

• Antifungal Medications:

For yeast infections, over-the-counter or prescription antifungal creams or suppositories are effective.

• Antibiotics:

For bacterial vaginosis or trichomoniasis, doctors may prescribe oral or topical antibiotics.

• Lifestyle Adjustments:

Avoiding irritants, practising good hygiene, wearing breathable cotton underwear, and practising safe sex can help reduce recurrence

Prevention of Vaginitis

Preventive measures can help maintain a healthy vaginal environment:

• Maintain proper hygiene, but avoid excessive washing or douching.
• Wear breathable, cotton underwear and loose-fitting clothing.
• Avoid using heavily perfumed soaps or sprays on the vaginal area to protect its natural balance.
• Wipe from front to back to prevent the spread of bacteria and reduce the risk of infection.
• Practice safe sex and use protection to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections.
• Monitor and manage hormonal changes with the guidance of a doctor.
• Maintain a balanced diet and a healthy lifestyle to support the immune system.
• Schedule regular screenings to monitor vaginal health and detect infections early.

Conclusion

Vaginitis is a manageable condition, but awareness is essential. Recognising symptoms early and seeking appropriate medical care can help prevent discomfort and complications. Maintaining good hygiene, avoiding irritants, and following preventive measures can reduce the risk of recurrence, supporting overall vaginal health.

To ensure your gynaecological health, consult an experienced doctor. Book an appointment at Apollo Cradle & Children’s Hospital, home to some of the best gynaecologists in Hyderabad, India. Their team combines years of expertise with compassionate care, guiding you through diagnosis, treatment, and ongoing reproductive health support. Schedule your appointment today!